Since December 2021, Northern Benin has experienced escalating violence linked to violent extremist groups (VEOs), notably Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS). Initially confined to national parks, the violence has spread to populated areas. The report emphasizes that these threats primarily originate from neighboring countries—Burkina Faso, Niger, Togo, and Nigeria—rather than internal Beninese tensions. VEOs utilize Benin as a strategic buffer zone to evade regional military pressure and expand their influence. The report recommends enhanced regional coordination and cross-border programs to effectively address this threat.

Boundary, Security, Extremism, Violence, Groupes armés

The policy paper "Social Norms and Girls' Education" by the United Nations Girls' Education Initiative (UNGEI) examines the impact of social norms on girls' education in eight sub-Saharan African countries. The study identifies four major social norms hindering girls' education: child marriage, the low perceived value of girls' education, gender-based violence in schools, and domestic labor. These norms, reinforced by economic and sociocultural factors, limit girls' access to, participation in, and success at school. The report recommends transformative approaches, such as integrating gender equality into educational policies, community mobilization, and involving local leaders to change harmful social norms. It emphasizes the importance of gender-sensitive education to promote equality and empower girls.

Culture, Governance, Gender, Education, Inclusion, Equality

This article analyzes the transformation of migration regimes in Central Sahel, especially in Niger, a country historically sidelined in migration studies. It details the rise of "transit" as a dominant migration regime from the 2000s, driven by international governance and EU externalization policies. Institutionalized through law (notably the 2015-36 anti-smuggling law), migration in Niger became increasingly criminalized and controlled. However, recent dynamics—including Sahelian crises (armed conflict, forced displacements), the 2023 repeal of migration laws, the growth of intra-African mobility recognized in Niger’s 2020 National Migration Policy, and the expansion of humanitarian infrastructure—challenge this framework. The Sahara now functions as a “trap space” for migrants, marked by constrained mobility, violence, and legal uncertainty. The article ultimately calls for a reconceptualization of transit not as passage or blockage, but as precarious, multi-directional movement shaped by both national policy shifts and regional instability.

Governance, Migration, Boundary

This study aims to understand the vulnerability of livestock farming in the urban commune of Filingué, Niger, to environmental changes. A total of 240 household heads were surveyed across eight selected villages. Findings reveal that pastoralists perceive climate change through increased temperatures (24% of respondents), prolonged droughts (58%), and more frequent violent winds (18%). These factors negatively impact pastoral activities, making livestock farming highly vulnerable. Adaptation strategies include transhumance (25%), purchasing livestock feed (22%), destocking animals (15%), and forage storage (15%). During critical periods, 23% of pastoralists use a mixture of bran and millet glumes or cardboard to feed their livestock. These indigenous strategies require support to enhance their effectiveness.

Pastoralism, Climate change, Vulnerability

In contexts of insecurity, qualitative research requires constant "adaptations," encapsulated by the phrase "the field dictates." This article explores ethnographic approaches that diverge from traditional methods, drawing on collaborative research conducted in Niger's Liptako-Gourma region—a transborder area between Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, and the epicenter of insecurity since 2015. Inspired by Michel de Certeau's concept of "tactics," the author employs "adaptation" to analyze practices in qualitative research under insecure conditions. Ethnographic constraints are viewed not as insurmountable obstacles but as opportunities to develop new methods while maintaining scientific rigor. These adaptations involve variations in usage and room for maneuver, influenced by the specific relationships between the researcher and the subject of study. The analysis of "ways of doing" encompasses both practical and ethical dimensions, as conducting research in insecure contexts leads to sensitive responses laden with emotions, discomfort, and empathy, which in turn influence knowledge production.

Knowlege production, Insécurité, Ethnography, Qualitative research

Rebecca Mignot-Mahdavi’s report explores France’s military strategy against jihadist groups, particularly in the Sahel, revealing a lack of transparent legal justification. Unlike the U.S., which has openly articulated legal frameworks for its war on terror, France maintains silence, although its strategic documents and actions imply an extensive interpretation of international law. The author argues that France mirrors U.S. legal narratives by stretching the boundaries of jus ad bellum and jus in bello to legitimize ongoing military operations. Drawing on French parliamentary records and strategic reports, the paper highlights how France frames its fight as a generalized and indefinite war against jihadist groups. This implicit legal approach allows France to operate across borders and time without explicit legal constraint. Mignot-Mahdavi warns that such legal ambiguity normalizes endless conflict and undermines accountability, challenging the international rule of law.

Governance, Security, Terrorism, Counter terrorism, Crise humanitaire

The article titled "Rural Women Marginalization in Niger Republic: Women's Access to Agricultural Water Use," authored by Mahaman Tidjani Alou, Illiassou Mossi Maïga, and Aminatou Daouda Hainikoye, was published in the journal Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer in April 2015. It examines gender inequalities in access to irrigated perimeters in Niger, revealing that rice cultivation is predominantly a male activity. The few women involved are often unsupported, divorced, or widowed, with several children to care for. Discriminatory criteria, such as the status of head of household, have been used to exclude them from the allocation of developed plots. Furthermore, the arduous nature of rice cultivation is cited to justify their marginalization, thereby depriving them of the benefits of this activity.

Agriculture, Gender, Women, Discrimination

In this episode, hosts Enrica Picco and Rinaldo Depagne discuss with Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, a Franco-Nigerien anthropologist, and Jean-Hervé Jezequel, Sahel Project Director at International Crisis Group, to assess the first year of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). They address the ongoing deterioration of the security situation in the central Sahel, exemplified by the September 17, 2024 attack in Bamako. The guests examine the similarities and differences in the new forms of governance emerging in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, as well as the consequences of breaking ties with Western partners and turning to new international allies.

Governance, Security

The article "Strengthening Sahelian Counterinsurgency Strategy", authored by Michael Shurkin and published by the Africa Center for Strategic Studies on August 8, 2022, examines the surge in militant Islamist violence in the Sahel, particularly in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. It highlights the inadequacy of current strategies against local insurgencies employing irregular tactics. The author advocates for a population-centric counterinsurgency approach, involving the restructuring of armed forces into lighter, more mobile, and integrated units, supported by enhanced logistical and aerial capabilities. Building positive relationships with local communities is deemed essential to diminish support for insurgents. The article also recommends complementing military actions with initiatives aimed at improving living conditions, justice, and the rule of law.

Security, Jihad, Violence