West and Central Africa (WCA) have a predominantly young population, with 64% under the age of 24. By 2030, the adolescent population (10-19 years) is projected to increase by 37%, from 120 million to 164 million. This demographic trend presents an opportunity for a demographic dividend, provided that young people are educated, healthy, and have access to decent employment. However, significant challenges persist, including limited access to quality education, high dropout rates, gender-based violence, and early unintended pregnancies. In response, representatives from 17 countries issued the Dakar Call in 2015, affirming their political commitment to youth. In November 2018, a regional conference brought together over 120 representatives from 22 countries to discuss the links between sexual and reproductive health, education, and school dropout. Priorities identified include combating early pregnancies, child marriages, HIV, sexually transmitted infections, substance abuse, and sexual violence. To harness the potential of this youth, it is essential to strengthen educational and health policies, focusing on gender equality and protection against violence.

Governance, Education, Health

The "Gender at the Centre Initiative" commissioned a study to assess the integration of gender equality into the educational sector planning in Mauritania. This analysis focuses on the Triennial Budgeted Action Plan (PATB) 2019-2021, developed in 2012 under the leadership of the Ministry of Education and UNESCO. Findings indicate that, although there is a political effort to include gender considerations in educational policies, this initiative primarily addresses concerns from external stakeholders. Civil society organizations and technical and financial partners observe that gender issues are often raised by external actors, with the ministry showing less proactivity in this area. Furthermore, there is no clear mechanism for accountability, reporting, and monitoring the implementation of gender equality in education. Final decisions regarding the PATB are mainly made by the planning directorate, with limited coordination among various ministry departments, hindering constructive dialogue and effective integration of gender considerations into sectoral planning.

Governance, Gender, Women, Violence, Marginalisation, Political participation, Inclusion, Parity

According to an Afrobarometer survey published in August 2023, Mauritanians consider education (42%), health (42%), and poverty (40%) as the main problems that the government must address. More than half of citizens (55%) have sought health care in the past 12 months, while 33% have used public education services. Access to education is considered easy by 80% of respondents, but access to medical care is divided (51% easy versus 49% difficult). Corruption remains an obstacle, with 43% of users having paid bribes to obtain identity documents, and around 30% to access health, police, or education services. Citizens express general dissatisfaction with government performance in maintaining infrastructure and providing basic services, including health, education, and drinking water.

Bribery, Education, Public Administration, Poverty, Health, Services publics

This article examines the impact of climate change and population displacement on the environment in the Hodh Chargui region of southeastern Mauritania. The Sahel, including Mauritania, is particularly vulnerable to global warming, with a projected temperature increase of 3°C by 2050, leading to desertification, drought, crop degradation, and soil erosion. The prolonged presence of refugees in the Mbera camp increases pressure on local resources such as water, fuelwood, and grazing land, creating potential tensions with host communities. In response, the Mauritanian government and its partners, including UNHCR, have incorporated environmental preservation into their strategies, notably through the National Strategy for the Environment and Sustainable Development and the Regional Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Shared Prosperity (SCAPP/SCRAPP). Reforestation initiatives have been implemented since 2016, with thousands of trees planted in and around the Mbera camp, thanks to collaboration between UNHCR, SOS Desert, RET-Germany, and local communities

Climate change, Environment, refugee, Crisis

Bouna Ahmedou Sow, a school director in Mauritania, highlights the major challenges facing education systems, including the lack of teacher training and inadequate infrastructure to keep up with population growth. Schools, often located in rented houses, are struggling to cope with the growing demand for students. Teachers have to manage overcrowded classes, especially with struggling students, while working in precarious conditions. Sow stresses the importance of creating a supportive environment for teachers with respected contracts and daily support. He advocates for infrastructure that keeps pace with demographic growth to ensure an effective and inclusive education system.

Education, Development, Infrastructures scolaires, Démographie

The mission report of the Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), carried out from February 26 to March 3, 2023, aims to improve the care pathway for vulnerable patients at the Outpatient Treatment Center (CTA) in Nouakchott and to strengthen the skills of caregivers for monitoring specific populations. The objectives include the promotion of sexual health, screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as the prevention of cervical cancer and mother-to-child transmission of infections. The report highlights low overall health coverage in Mauritania, with only 60% of women giving birth in health facilities and vaccination coverage of around 60%. HIV prevalence is estimated at 0.29%, stable for ten years, except in Chami where an increase in the population has been observed. In gynecology/obstetrics, the National Hospital Center of Nouakchott (CHNN) has 50 beds and records 3,800 deliveries per year, with a cesarean rate of 37%, which is constantly increasing.

Governance, Public Administration, Health, Couverture sanitaire

Amnesty International’s 2023 annual report on Mauritania highlights several human rights concerns. In May, after the ruling party won legislative, regional and local elections, allegations of fraud were raised by some opposition parties. In December, former President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was sentenced to five years in prison for corruption. The report denounces cases of torture and ill-treatment, including the death in police custody of human rights defender Souvi Ould Jibril Ould Cheine in February, attributed to traumatic asphyxiation by strangulation. Freedom of expression has been restricted, with mobile internet cuts in June following protests, and during national reviews to prevent cheating. The UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances has also highlighted the lack of thorough examination of proposals for a truth and reconciliation mechanism concerning human rights violations between 1989 and 1992.

Governance, Human Rights, Torture

The United Nations Special Rapporteur, Tomoya Obokata, visited Mauritania in May 2022 to assess contemporary forms of slavery in the country. His report highlights the persistence of descent-based slavery, forced labour and domestic servitude, which particularly affect the Haratine and Afro-Mauritanian communities. Despite progressive legislation, the implementation of anti-slavery laws remains inadequate, hampered by a lack of awareness of rights among victims and barriers to access to justice. The report highlights the socio-economic and political discrimination faced by former slaves and their descendants, exacerbated by the lack of official recognition of the racial and ethnic dimensions of slavery. The Special Rapporteur recommends the rigorous implementation of existing laws, sustained awareness-raising campaigns and the adoption of affirmative action measures to combat slavery.

Culture, Discrimination, Esclavage