Rebecca Mignot-Mahdavi’s report explores France’s military strategy against jihadist groups, particularly in the Sahel, revealing a lack of transparent legal justification. Unlike the U.S., which has openly articulated legal frameworks for its war on terror, France maintains silence, although its strategic documents and actions imply an extensive interpretation of international law. The author argues that France mirrors U.S. legal narratives by stretching the boundaries of jus ad bellum and jus in bello to legitimize ongoing military operations. Drawing on French parliamentary records and strategic reports, the paper highlights how France frames its fight as a generalized and indefinite war against jihadist groups. This implicit legal approach allows France to operate across borders and time without explicit legal constraint. Mignot-Mahdavi warns that such legal ambiguity normalizes endless conflict and undermines accountability, challenging the international rule of law.

Governance, Security, Terrorism, Counter terrorism, Crise humanitaire

The report “Climate Change, Development and Security in the Central Sahel”, published in June 2021, explores how climate change impacts development and security in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. It highlights the links between climate stress, food insecurity, human mobility, and conflict. Climate change exacerbates existing vulnerabilities such as poverty, inequality, armed group proliferation, and social tensions. The study argues that current responses, often overly focused on militarised security, fail to address local realities. Instead, it recommends integrated and context-sensitive strategies to enhance resilience. These include supporting sustainable livelihoods, acknowledging mobility as a coping mechanism, and reinforcing local conflict-resolution systems. The report also advocates for more coherent European and international policies that align climate adaptation with peacebuilding and development goals.

Economic Development, Climate change, Security, Conflict, Education, Development, Food security, Human security, Threat, Knowlege production

The article Learning Assessment in Sub-Saharan Africa by Pierre Varly, published by UNESCO-TALENT in 2020, analyzes the participation of African countries in international assessments of educational achievement. It highlights the low representation of sub-Saharan Africa in programs such as PISA and TIMSS, although some countries, such as Senegal and Zambia, take part in PISA-D (a version adapted for developing countries). The article highlights the major challenges of learning assessment, including the lack of institutional capacity and the low reliability of available data. It emphasizes the need to adapt these assessments to local realities to improve the quality of education systems in Africa.

Governance, Education, Politique publique

Mindzie and published by the International Peace Institute in 2015, examines the challenges and opportunities related to women's and youth participation in governance and development in the Sahel. It highlights institutional, socio-cultural, and economic barriers that hinder their involvement. The author proposes seven key priorities, including capacity building, poverty reduction, improving the implementation of existing policies, and creating bridges between groups. The article emphasizes the role of women's and youth movements, the media, and the private sector in fostering inclusive governance. It also underscores the importance of the "Women, Peace, and Security" agenda and advocates for a multisectoral approach to sustainable development.

Governance, Gender, Youth, Political participation

The article “Enhancing the Political Participation of Women and Youth”, written by Mireille Affa’a Mindzie and published by the International Peace Institute in 2015, examines the challenges and opportunities related to women's and youth participation in governance and development in the Sahel. It highlights institutional, socio-cultural, and economic barriers that hinder their involvement. The author proposes seven key priorities, including capacity building, poverty reduction, improving the implementation of existing policies, and creating bridges between groups. The article emphasizes the role of women's and youth movements, the media, and the private sector in fostering inclusive governance. It also underscores the importance of the "Women, Peace, and Security" agenda and advocates for a multisectoral approach to sustainable development.

Governance, Gender, Youth, Political participation

The report “Regional Documentation on Education and Skills Development of In-School and Out-of-School Adolescents”, published by UNICEF in July 2023, analyzes the educational challenges in West and Central Africa. Despite significant progress over the past two decades, with millions more children enrolled in school, the out-of-school rate remains high, falling from 33.2% in 2010 to 29.3% in 2021. The situation is compounded by rapid population growth and a lack of technical and vocational training opportunities, leading to high youth unemployment. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these challenges, disrupting the education of 128 million students in the region and increasing the risk of school dropouts. The report also highlights initiatives such as the formalization of Quranic education in Ivory Coast to further integrate children into the formal education system.

Religious education, Youth, Unemployment

The article "Le Niger, nouvelle zone grise saharo-sahélienne" examines Niger's situation, facing political, economic, and security challenges. Despite apparent stability, the country experiences internal political tensions, an economy reliant on international aid, and under-exploited natural resources. Rapid population growth exacerbates difficulties, with one of the highest birth rates globally. Public services, particularly in education and health, are inadequate, increasing population vulnerability. Niger confronts growing security threats, including Sahelian terrorism and forced population movements. These combined factors position Niger as a Saharan-Sahelian "grey zone," where state fragility and multiple crises threaten regional stability.

Politics, Security, Vulnerability, Threat, Instabilité

The ILO report examines the role of decent work in fostering peace and resilience in the Sahel, aligning with the G5 Sahel's Integrated Priority Action Framework (CAPI). It highlights major challenges, such as inequalities, competition over natural resources, and weak state functions fueling conflicts. The ILO approach offers solutions based on decent job creation, social dialogue, and inclusive local governance. Recommendations include leveraging local resources, supporting essential infrastructure, and implementing programs promoting social cohesion and crisis resilience. This report contributes to sustainable development and peacebuilding efforts.

Natural ressources, Security, Peace, Justice, Education, Mediation, Gold, Social, Dialogue, EMPLOYMENT

The UNODC report of January 2023 highlights the trafficking of medical products in the Sahel, including falsified, substandard and unauthorized medicines. Between January 2017 and December 2021, more than 605 tons of these products were seized during international police operations. The investigation reveals the involvement of various actors, including employees of pharmaceutical companies, civil servants, law enforcement officers, members of health agencies and street vendors, all motivated by financial gain. This trafficking seriously compromises public health and security in the region.

Security, Trafic, Santé publique, Médicament